Prof. You just gave me a great medical topic to hunt down. Do you have any period examples of medical professionals that opposed bathing? Every medical text of the 1840-60s that I have were written by doctors and none of them ever cited bathing as injurious to health. I know that the pioneers of microbiology such as Pasteur and Leewenhoek were initially criticized for their concepts in microbes (okay, and Lister for sterilization)but I have never encountered text from the mid 1800s attacking the practice of good hygiene by itself. I am interested in seeing the other side of the coin but I'm going to need your help on this one.
What publications are a good read on the subject?
Thanks
-Dave
> Every medical text of the 1840-60s that I have were written by doctors and none of them ever
> cited bathing as injurious to health.
Whilst they did not openly criticize bathing, they definitely did not endorse it.
The problem is that the so-called Medical Scientists of the day had their own set beliefs and
Lister and Pasteur challenged those beliefs:
"He debunked the widely accepted myth of spontaneous generation"
and that's how the fight began
I offer for your entertainment the following:
A definitive (but brief) Article on the topic from
"Stanford University School of Medicine and the Predecessor Schools: An Historical Perspective "
by John L. Wilson, MD,
http://elane.stanford.edu/wilson/html/chap5/chap5-sect6.htmlAn article in the NYT Published: October 5, 1913, on the 25th anniversary
Copyright © The New York Times
http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=FB0710FE355F13738DDDAC0894D8415B838DF1D3This most excellent article (complete with proper annotations) from THE JOURNAL OF BONE AND JOINT SURGERY
VOL. 49 B, NO. 1, FEBRUARY 1967
http://web.jbjs.org.uk/cgi/reprint/49-B/1/4.pdfdiscusses the opposition Lister met at a time when
"It is easy to see, reflected in the virulent opposition encountered by Lister, the importance of his discovery and the social problems it produced..."
"The sewage system of London dates from 1847 and the sewage was discharged out to sea.
Half the medical wards were occupied by typhoid cases, and childbed fever was the common accompaniment
of a birth in hospital. The soul-racking fear of surgeon and patient alike was sepsis either in
the localised form of abscess or the generalised forms of pyaemia and septicaemia, which
frequently started with the massive mixed infection of wounds commonly called “hospital
gangrene.” The surgeon who operated in filthy clothes and a dirty room without the benefit
of anaesthesia saw his results destroyed by infection and developed a hardness and lack of
sensitivity as a protection against the demonstrable failures of his work."
This snippet of an unsupported article is included because it summarizes the situation well:
http://www.biblehelp.org/misunder.htm"Joseph Lister had been studying Louis Pasteur’s research on bacteria and its possible connection with infections. From this research, Joseph Lister concluded surgical infections were the result of the introduction of bacteria via the air, hands, etc. In 1865, Joseph Lister developed an antiseptic surgical procedure and had remarkable success with his own surgeries. Our current hospital procedures are based on his antiseptic procedures.
You would think the medical community would have welcomed this helpful information. They didn’t. In fact, Joseph Lister was ridiculed, criticized, and harassed. The medical community didn’t like having its status quo questioned. The nurses regarded Lister’s procedures as eccentric, and they resented the extra work his obsessions with cleanliness were causing. The doctors were angered at the implication they were responsible for some of the deaths.
Louis Pasteur and Joseph Lister were personal friends and supported each other when the medical community viciously attacked them. Sometimes they felt they were alone in their struggles to bring the truth to light. People were needlessly dying, and it seemed nobody was listening."
as does this popularized unsupported (but essentially correct) article:
http://scienceheroes.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=175&Itemid=173"It's hard to imagine the conditions that existed, given today's strict adherence to sterile surgeries. Surgeons actually felt a sense of pride in wearing blood-covered surgical garments, seeing them as a status symbol. They never even considered washing their hands between surgeries, or before examining the next patient. They felt this way because they believed the transmission of disease was, literally, out of their hands. There were two prevailing theories of disease the surgeons clung to, neither of which pointed to them having any involvement in the spread of infections. The first was "miasma," the belief that disease was carried about by noxious gases floating in the air. Their second theory was that the infections in the patient's wounds occurred spontaneously, being generated by some unknown, and unavoidable, action within the flesh itself. Both theories meant the surgeons had no responsibility in causing their patient's infections - and the death tolls continued to rise. "
Your best bet in such research is to locate copies of contemporary journals such as Lancet, where letters and arguments were commonly published.
yhs
prof marvel